巴黎著名人權和宗教自由律師、學者帕特里夏·杜瓦爾觀察到,當她第一次得知太極門案時,對台灣政府忽視國際批評風險感到驚訝。另一方面,她在法國的經歷告訴她,有時宗教和精神少數派的反對者並沒有考慮到這些風險。杜瓦爾指出,台灣於 2009 年批准並將《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》(ICCPR)和《經濟、社會和文化權利國際公約》(ICESCR)納入其國家法律。這些,正如歐洲人權法院和其他國際司法管轄區所解釋的那樣,包括在稅收和宗教自由決定中,
Patricia Duval, a well-known Paris human rights and religious liberty attorney and scholar, observed that when she first learned of the Tai Ji Men case, she was surprised that the Taiwan government was ignoring the risk of being criticized internationally. On the other hand, her experience in France told her that sometimes opponents of religious and spiritual minorities do not take these risks into account. Duval noted that Taiwan in 2009 ratified and included in its national law the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These, as they have been interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights and other international jurisdictions, including in tax and religious liberty decisions, should have been applied to the Tai Ji Men case and led to its solution, but they didn’t.
“人權無國界”的聯合創始人兼董事威利·福特(Willy Fautré)表示,台灣是一個民主國家,但沒有一個民主國家是完美的。太極門案讓台灣有機會像照鏡子一樣看到其民主制度的不完善之處。Fautré 說,現在應該立即解決這個問題。
Willy Fautré, co-founder and director of Human Rights Without Frontiers, stated that Taiwan is a democracy, but no democracy is perfect. The Tai Ji Men case offers to Taiwan an opportunity to see, as if in a mirror, what is imperfect in its democratic system. It should now be solved, Fautré said, without delay.
https://bitterwinter.org/scholars-discuss-transitional-justice-tai-ji-men-case/
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最近有兩個台灣的友邦上了台灣新聞的版面,一個是加勒比海的海地,另一個是非洲的史瓦帝尼。
海地的部分,昨天出了一堆新聞,最驚悚的部分就是殺害總統的傭兵闖進了台灣大使館。
針對為何傭兵會選擇台灣大使館躲避,我到目前還沒看到確切說法。有一說是地理位置接近,大使館在山下,總統官邸在山上,傭兵殺了人後直接躲到山下的大使館。
但這當中有沒有貓膩?不得而知。
大使館被視為一國領土的延伸,所以當地執法機關要進入台灣大使館搜索之前,必須要得到台灣大使館的同意。
只是,傭兵躲進大使館的當下,大使館內有沒有任何職僱員?我猜是沒有,否則可能會被當作人質。
另一個友邦史瓦帝尼,情況倒是比較特別。
史瓦帝尼是絕對君權國家,國王恩史瓦帝多次訪台。該國是台灣在非洲唯一友邦,可想而知,我們對這位國王當然非常重視。
但說實話,台灣號稱亞洲民主的燈塔,但我們在非洲唯一的友邦與「民主」一詞,似乎不太相襯。
史瓦帝尼這次發生獨立之後53年來最嚴重的社會暴動跟抗議,目前據統計已經有27人死亡跟多人受傷。
雖然起因是一位25歲的法律系學生被殺害,但社會上對該國王恩史瓦帝的不滿其實來自長期社會的累積。
別的不說,恩史瓦帝出了名的揮霍,老百姓過的苦,但國王揮金如土,自然引起民怨。
但揮霍是個人特質,見仁見智。不過與台灣最有關係的是,台灣在這次暴動中的角色,或說,被貼上的角色。
而且,是個不太光彩的角色。
7月5日,台灣駐史瓦帝尼大使館在官方推特上反駁了一個來自史國當地網路媒體The Bridge News的說法,該媒體稱台灣在背後主導了這次的大屠殺。
而且不止一間這間網路媒體,有多個看起來似乎為史瓦帝尼當地人帳號在推特上都以相同的說法指控台灣政府支持獨裁者(恩史瓦帝)。
他們指控的證據之一是,台灣在2019年捐贈兩架直升機給國王,等於是援助獨裁者鎮壓自己的人民。
台灣有沒有捐兩架直升機給史國?
有,新聞稿不難找。2019年12月5日,外交部記者會中宣布,台灣捐贈兩架除役的UH-1H直升機給史國。
捐直升機就等於是支持暴君鎮壓人民嗎?當然兩者不能畫上等號,但這件事的確在推特上被多個帳號提及。
史瓦帝尼牽涉到台灣與中國的外交戰,我們無法排除這些網路上對台灣的指控背後有沒有中國因素,這一點必須先注意。
台灣外交處境特殊,盡可能維繫邦交國,天經地義。但這次史瓦帝尼的暴動,被稱為是民主(上街抗議的民眾)與獨裁者(國王)之間的對抗。台灣,很尷尬也很弔詭地,被歸類在支持獨裁者的那一方。
當然,台灣在當地的形象並非如上述那樣一般人人喊打。許多當地人民對台灣大使館的觀感是正面的,包括我們長期的醫療援助,以及協助對抗當地愛滋病的努力。
國際上對史瓦帝尼的暴動高度關注,聯合國秘書長表態希望各方理性對話,聯合國人權高級專員(United Nations Office of the High Commissioner, OHCHR)引用國際公民與政治權利公約(International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights)第21條支持民眾和平集會(peaceful assembly)的權利。
區域國際組織部分,南部非洲發展社群(Southern African Development Community, SADC)也組成一個事實調查查任務團(fact finding mission)前往史瓦帝尼,但調查成果不彰,事後聲明可說不痛不癢。
附帶一提,SADC有16個會員國,包括民主國家、威權國家,甚至也包括絕對君權國史瓦帝尼在內。而SADC總部位於Botswana。SADC向以官僚被動著稱,這次能否發揮效果,也有待觀望。
我比較在意的,是上述「部份史國當地推特帳號指控台灣聲援獨裁者」,這對台灣的外交形象已經造成某個程度的傷害。台灣政府及民間,可以持續關注此事後續發展。
#海地
#史瓦帝尼
international covenant on civil and political rights 在 犀利檢座 Facebook 的精選貼文
湯景華縱火燒死6人案,最高法院今天「自為改判」,改判無期徒刑定讞。
理由是:……屬於殺人的間接故意,而不是直接故意,不符合判《兩公約》規定要處死刑啊要具備殺人直接故意的要件。所以本院依法撤銷原審判決,改判無期徒刑,褫奪公權終身。(最高法院刑事發言人徐昌錦庭長)
首先,我先看了《公民與政治權利國際公約》第六條,並沒有必須直接故意殺人才可以判死刑這樣的要件。再到處查,只有查到台灣廢除死刑推動聯盟《台灣死刑判決報告~75位死刑犯判決綜合分析》裡面有以下這段:
「……
其中所謂「情節最重大之罪」,依人權事務委員會相關解釋,雖限於「蓄意殺害並造成生命喪失」(there was an intention to kill which resulted the loss of life),然此僅屬公政公約因應不同國家刑事法制度所設之「最低度要求」。
依此,非謂凡犯「殺人罪」者即均應處以死刑;又應將「未發生死亡結果」或「不確定故意」之犯罪排除於「情節最重大之罪」範圍外
……」
經由一些文獻指引,找到公民與政治權利國際公約第36號一般性意見第35點,原文節錄:「The term “the most serious crimes” must be read restrictively and appertain only to crimes of extreme gravity, involving intentional killing.(僅限於涉及故意殺人的極嚴重罪行。) Crimes not resulting directly and intentionally in death,(未直接和故意導致死亡的罪行,) such as drug offences, attempted murder, corruption and other economic [and political] crimes, armed robbery, piracy, abduction, and sexual offences, although serious in nature, can never justify, within the framework of article 6, the imposition of the death penalty.」簡而言之,必須「故意殺人」,而且「直接、故意地導致死亡」,才能判處死刑。本段落並列舉包含毒品罪、殺人未遂罪、武力強盜、海盜及性侵害犯罪等罪,不能宣告死刑。
這段英文出自A/HRC/4/20,解釋「情節最重大之罪」:「The requirement of human rights law that the death penalty should be imposed only for the “most serious crimes” continues to be interpreted subjectively by certain States. The report examines the travaux of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, surveys the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee, and analyses the comments by the Secretary-General, principles declared by the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Human Rights and concludes that, if it is to comply with the most serious crimes restriction, the death penalty can only be imposed in cases where it can be shown that there was an intention to kill which resulted in the loss of life. 」
首先,第一個問題是,英文「intentional/intentionally」,是否包含「不確定故意」?如果從英美法的角度,犯罪的主觀要素分類大致上有intentional, reckless, negligence等,如果並沒有強烈的意圖(intention),但是能預見而去做某些行為會侵害法益,仍然去做,也會構成魯莽(reckless),以殺人罪為例,魯莽行為致死會構成involuntary manslaughter(英美法的殺人罪有很多種,這邊姑且翻譯成「比較嚴重的過失致死」)通常會比murder(謀殺)的罪輕很多。
(這邊以美國為例)你以為美國刑法會用魯莽殺人(過失致死)輕易放下強盜致死、縱火致死、強姦致死的人嗎?在大部分的立法例裡,只要犯下重罪(felony,能判超過一年徒刑的,全都是重罪)致人於死,而且沒有嚴重違背因果歷程的,都會被被擬制為「謀殺」,稱為「重罪謀殺」(felony murder),所以即使行為人在強盜過程中,被害人嚇到跌倒死亡,或者結夥搶劫,你的同伴把被害人槍殺,自己也要成立「重罪謀殺罪」。這個理論是基於「移轉的故意」(transferred intent),意思是說,你在做某些危險的事,就該知道那件事可能發生的危害,對實際發生的危害直接當成是故意所為的。
言歸正傳,我國除了毒品罪、海盜罪還有很多奇奇怪怪的罪不用殺死人就可以判死刑以外,強盜致死、擄人勒贖致死,都不用殺人故意,就可以判死刑。
運輸一級毒品,或者強盜沒有殺人故意,根據《刑法》都可以判死刑,更遑論不確定故意的殺人了。不過根據「《兩公約》規定必須具有殺人的直接故意」才能判處死刑的這個說法,以上這些通通不能判死刑,所以應該可以說,《刑法》裡面許多死刑的規定,是只能嚇人用。
或者說,《兩公約》真的是當年總統、立法者、學者們想的這樣嗎?
歡迎指正與提供意見。
international covenant on civil and political rights 在 Kento Bento Youtube 的最佳解答
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[HOW WOULD YOU ESCAPE NORTH KOREA? (THE 7 CHOICES)]
If you were living in North Korea right now - trying to survive on a diet of rats, grass, soil and tree bark, quenching your thirst by drinking out of mud puddles in the ground - what would you do?
There's also the conceivable chance of being sent to a political prison camp for years on end just because you innocently thought out loud one day to a bunch of friends (North Korean propaganda is strong), where you are then beaten, tortured, and left so hungry that you are forced to dig and consume the grains out of faeces, or the maggots from dead bodies just so you have the energy to perhaps last one more day.
You'd probably wanna escape. But how?
The North Korean government in Pyongyang refuses to let its citizens leave, a clear violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, viewing North Korean defectors as traitorous criminals. Captured North Koreans would be subject to unimaginable torture and often public executions.
If they are successful in their escape, then three to four generations of their family back home would be sent to North Korean prison camps to rot ....or worse. This is a strong deterrent.
But this still doesn't stop desperate North Koreans from tempting fate. In this video, I'll go over the seven ways to escape the DPRK, including the most dangerous, the most unforgiving, the most unique, and the most unexpected.
The North Korean border on the south side (ie. South Korean border / Korean DMZ) is the shortest distance to travel for safety and stability but as a result, the regime makes it dangerously hard. A North Korean escapee can be shot down by North Korean soldiers (border guards) or step on the many landmines in the area.
The northern border to China has it's own set of challenges. Most North Korean refugees escape through this way, usually crossing the Tumen River border (like the famous North Korean defector Hyeonseo Lee). Once in China, the nightmare doesn't end there.
There are also other, more unconventional ways you can try to escape such as through North Korean labor camps.
Even if you make it to safety and resettle in a stable country, the North Korean regime will still try to hunt you down, so you're never truly safe. Especially if you're an outspoken critic or a threat to Kim Jong-un's power - just ask his half brother, Kim Jong-nam.
Sources:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070303203248/http://www.hrnk.org/refugeesReport06.pdf
http://bushcenter.imgix.net/legacy/gwb_north_korea_executive_summary_r4.pdf
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/world/asia/north-korean-soldier-braves-dmz-to-defect-to-south.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/11033003/North-Korean-pair-swim-across-sea-border-to-defect-to-South-Korea.html
http://time.com/4205785/london-new-malden-north-korean-refugees/
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